Which of the following is a common side effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy?

Long-term corticosteroid therapy is widely recognized to cause several side effects, with osteoporosis being one of the most significant. Corticosteroids can interfere with the bone remodeling process by decreasing the absorption of calcium in the intestines and increasing the excretion of calcium through the kidneys. Additionally, they inhibit osteoblast function, which leads to reduced bone formation. Over time, these effects contribute to a decrease in bone density, significantly increasing the risk of fractures and osteoporosis. This is particularly concerning for individuals on chronic corticosteroid therapy, as the medication can weaken bones even when taken at appropriate doses for managing various conditions.

The other options do not align with the known complications of long-term corticosteroid use. Increased hair growth is not a typical side effect; rather, corticosteroids can sometimes lead to hair loss or thinning. Bradycardia is not associated with corticosteroids; in fact, these medications can sometimes stimulate the cardiovascular system. Skin irritation may occur in some patients, especially if corticosteroids are applied topically, but it is not a systemic effect associated with long-term therapy. Recognizing the risk of osteoporosis is crucial for patients undergoing long-term treatment with corticosteroids, prompting health care providers to consider measures such as calcium and vitamin D supplementation, along with regular bone